Italy was, politically, in a worse state than Spain. In 1502 the Pope had the Menaechmi performed in his own apartments. Following the death of Alexander VI, Julius II said on the day of his election: "I will not live in the same rooms as the Borgias lived. Contemporary chroniclers suggested that he may have been poisoned, either intentionally or accidentally. By autumn Louis XII was in Italy expelling Lodovico Sforza from Milan. Faith alone brings consolation from a far-off country.
Having lived nearly half a century in Rome, and having been for almost the whole of his life part of the ecclesiastical organization, he had a profound respect for all the interests of the Catholic Church, a respect greater than for his own life. Thus, Pope Alexander, a lover of pomp and ceremony, formalized the rite of opening a holy door and began a tradition that continues, with few variations, to this day. A Spaniard in Italy, he was hard pressed to find such trustworthiness except from members of his own family; hence his patronage of them, though it is not to be denied that it was probably also for personal reasons. Opponents, such as the powerful demagogic Florentine friar We are displeased at the disturbed state of affairs in Florence, the more so in that it owes its origin to your preaching. Moreover, these are not the time for such teachings, calculated as they are to produce discord even in times of peace let alone in times of trouble. Calixtus III: The First Borgia Pope.
In the Papal States themselves, noble families, such as the Orsini and the Colonna, acted as petty tyrants in the cities and areas which they controlled, grinding down the people and constantly seeking to achieve their independence from their sovereign, the Pope. He was not too worried for, as Burchard says, Alexander jumped to the conclusion that his son had spent the night with some girl and preferred to avoid the indiscretion of leaving by day ... Juan was a dissolute young man and not a churchman, yet Alexander presumed on a discretion more in keeping with later times.Alexander, overwhelmed with grief, shut himself up in It is often alleged, even by some historians, that Alexander and his son, Cesare, poisoned Cardinal The debased state of the curia was a major scandal. He sought help from But Alexander, always ready to seize opportunities to aggrandize his family, then adopted a double policy. Check out Britannica's new site for parents! Through the intervention of the Spanish ambassador he made peace with Naples in July 1493 and cemented the peace by a marriage between his son Gioffre and On 25 January 1494, Ferdinand I died and was succeeded by his son A reaction against Charles VIII soon set in, for all the European powers were alarmed at his success. On a similar claim: "Without any solid evidence Giulia is said to have been the model for Pinturicchio's 'Virgin and Child' surrounded by angels in the Borgia Apartments of the Vatican. He put together a group of his most pious cardinals in order to move the process along. By the middle of the 15th century, this reconquest was almost complete, but Spain was still a hodgepodge of competing principalities and, because of its constant state of warfare, still a very backward country. According to Burchard, the crowd which assisted at these solemnities numbered 200,000 persons. The door, in turn, was replaced in 1950 by the bronze door, which is still in use. ""In consequence of the simultaneous illness of both the Pope and his son, and the rapid decomposition of the body, which, considering the heat of the weather, was perfectly natural, the cry of poison was raised at once; but on 19 August the Mantuan Envoy writes that there was no sort of ground for supposing this. For you predict the future and publicly declare that you do so by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit when you should be reprehending vice and praising virtue ... Prophecies like these should not be made when your charge is to forward peace and concord. Beautiful women were attracted to him and excited by him in quite a remarkable way, more strongly than how 'iron is drawn to a magnet'. Gravely afflicted, Alexander announced a reform program and called for measures to restrain the luxury of the papal court, reorganize the Cesare resigned the cardinalate in 1498 and married Charlotte d’Albret in order to cement the Borgia alliance with the French king As a patron of the arts, Alexander erected a centre for the Attempts to whitewash Alexander’s private conduct have proved abortive. Alexander was also the first to institute a special rite for the closing of a holy door. Let us take a look first at the political situation in Spain and in Italy. On 14 June, his son the Next morning the absence of the Duke was noticed by his servants, and the Pontiff was informed.
Emeritus Professor of Patristic Moral Theology, Academia Alfonsiana, Rome. For the next 1000 years the continuity of the Church of Rome provided a semblance of stability as Europe sank into barbarism. Her place in his affections was filled, according to some, by the beautiful Saturday, 12 August 1503, the Pope fell ill in the morning.
The lesser clergy were similarly reined in: they must refuse all bribes and put away their concubines. He desecrated the Holy Church as none before. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. But he was surrounded by enemies both within the Church and among the rulers of Europe. "Weckman-Muñoz, Luis. "The historical value of Bishop Celadoni's funeral oration is said to be immense: "On 16 Sept 1503 Burchardus records in his diary that Alexius Celadenus or Celadonius, bishop of Gallipoli, delivered a discourse to the cardinals about to enter into conclave for the election of a successor to Pope Alexander VI. In spite of the remonstrances of Spain and of the Sforza, he allied himself with France in January 1499 and was joined by Venice.
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